From 5a12ed76bb1bfd342f68d9fbf21740bd09587d58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Richard Anderson <richard@andermail.co.uk>
Date: Sun, 2 Mar 2025 16:18:27 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Database collations (#489)

* SyncDatabases

* Collation on Create inc WordPress

* Refactored Enum

* Resolve sync issue

* Fix for PostgreSQL

* pint

* reversed enum

* style adjustments

* add unit tests

* style

* fix tests

* more tests

---------

Co-authored-by: Saeed Vaziry <61919774+saeedvaziry@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Saeed Vaziry <mr.saeedvaziry@gmail.com>
---
 app/Actions/Database/CreateDatabase.php       |  12 +-
 .../Controllers/API/DatabaseController.php    |   2 +
 app/Models/Database.php                       |   4 +
 .../Services/Database/AbstractDatabase.php    | 137 +++++++++++++++++-
 app/SSH/Services/Database/Database.php        |   6 +-
 app/SSH/Services/Database/Mariadb.php         |   4 +-
 app/SSH/Services/Database/Mysql.php           |   4 +-
 app/SSH/Services/Database/Postgresql.php      |  10 +-
 app/SiteTypes/Wordpress.php                   |  10 ++
 app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Index.php     |  59 ++++++++
 .../Databases/Widgets/DatabasesList.php       |   6 +
 app/Web/Pages/Servers/Sites/Index.php         |   2 +
 ...25_02_15_120213_update_databases_table.php |  50 +++++++
 .../database/mariadb/create-user.blade.php    |   4 +-
 .../database/mariadb/create.blade.php         |   2 +-
 .../database/mariadb/delete-user.blade.php    |   4 +-
 .../database/mariadb/delete.blade.php         |   2 +-
 .../database/mariadb/get-charsets.blade.php   |   4 +
 .../database/mariadb/get-db-list.blade.php    |  10 ++
 .../services/database/mariadb/link.blade.php  |   4 +-
 .../database/mariadb/restore.blade.php        |   2 +-
 .../database/mariadb/uninstall.blade.php      |   2 +-
 .../database/mariadb/unlink.blade.php         |   2 +-
 .../services/database/mysql/create.blade.php  |   2 +-
 .../database/mysql/get-charsets.blade.php     |   3 +
 .../database/mysql/get-db-list.blade.php      |   8 +
 .../database/postgresql/create.blade.php      |   2 +-
 .../postgresql/get-charsets.blade.php         |  13 ++
 .../database/postgresql/get-db-list.blade.php |   8 +
 tests/Feature/API/DatabaseTest.php            |   2 +
 tests/Feature/DatabaseTest.php                |   4 +
 tests/Feature/SitesTest.php                   |   4 +
 tests/TestCase.php                            |   5 +
 .../Services/Database/SyncDatabasesTest.php   |  80 ++++++++++
 .../Services/Database/UpdateCharsetsTest.php  | 131 +++++++++++++++++
 35 files changed, 585 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 database/migrations/2025_02_15_120213_update_databases_table.php
 create mode 100644 resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-charsets.blade.php
 create mode 100644 resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-db-list.blade.php
 create mode 100644 resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-charsets.blade.php
 create mode 100644 resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-db-list.blade.php
 create mode 100644 resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-charsets.blade.php
 create mode 100644 resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-db-list.blade.php
 create mode 100644 tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/SyncDatabasesTest.php
 create mode 100644 tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/UpdateCharsetsTest.php

diff --git a/app/Actions/Database/CreateDatabase.php b/app/Actions/Database/CreateDatabase.php
index 066c85a..fe2632f 100755
--- a/app/Actions/Database/CreateDatabase.php
+++ b/app/Actions/Database/CreateDatabase.php
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ public function create(Server $server, array $input): Database
     {
         $database = new Database([
             'server_id' => $server->id,
+            'charset' => $input['charset'],
+            'collation' => $input['collation'],
             'name' => $input['name'],
         ]);
         /** @var \App\SSH\Services\Database\Database $databaseHandler */
         $databaseHandler = $server->database()->handler();
-        $databaseHandler->create($database->name);
+        $databaseHandler->create($database->name, $database->charset, $database->collation);
         $database->status = DatabaseStatus::READY;
         $database->save();
 
@@ -42,6 +44,14 @@ public static function rules(Server $server, array $input): array
                 'alpha_dash',
                 Rule::unique('databases', 'name')->where('server_id', $server->id),
             ],
+            'charset' => [
+                'required',
+                'string',
+            ],
+            'collation' => [
+                'required',
+                'string',
+            ],
         ];
         if (isset($input['user']) && $input['user']) {
             $rules['username'] = [
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/API/DatabaseController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/API/DatabaseController.php
index e1a6593..4deeefe 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/API/DatabaseController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/API/DatabaseController.php
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ public function index(Project $project, Server $server): ResourceCollection
     #[Post('/', name: 'api.projects.servers.databases.create', middleware: 'ability:write')]
     #[Endpoint(title: 'create', description: 'Create a new database.')]
     #[BodyParam(name: 'name', required: true)]
+    #[BodyParam(name: 'charset', required: true)]
+    #[BodyParam(name: 'collation', required: true)]
     #[ResponseFromApiResource(DatabaseResource::class, Database::class)]
     public function create(Request $request, Project $project, Server $server): DatabaseResource
     {
diff --git a/app/Models/Database.php b/app/Models/Database.php
index 72ebac1..b319f52 100755
--- a/app/Models/Database.php
+++ b/app/Models/Database.php
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 /**
  * @property int $server_id
  * @property string $name
+ * @property string $collation
+ * @property string $charset
  * @property string $status
  * @property Server $server
  * @property Backup[] $backups
@@ -25,6 +27,8 @@ class Database extends AbstractModel
     protected $fillable = [
         'server_id',
         'name',
+        'collation',
+        'charset',
         'status',
     ];
 
diff --git a/app/SSH/Services/Database/AbstractDatabase.php b/app/SSH/Services/Database/AbstractDatabase.php
index 3f572a8..8c8b542 100755
--- a/app/SSH/Services/Database/AbstractDatabase.php
+++ b/app/SSH/Services/Database/AbstractDatabase.php
@@ -11,6 +11,16 @@
 
 abstract class AbstractDatabase extends AbstractService implements Database
 {
+    protected array $systemDbs = [];
+
+    protected string $defaultCharset;
+
+    protected string $separator = "\t";
+
+    protected int $headerLines = 1;
+
+    protected bool $removeLastRow = false;
+
     protected function getScriptView(string $script): string
     {
         return 'ssh.services.database.'.$this->service->name.'.'.$script;
@@ -43,6 +53,9 @@ public function install(): void
         $status = $this->service->server->systemd()->status($this->service->unit);
         $this->service->validateInstall($status);
         $this->service->server->os()->cleanup();
+
+        $this->updateCharsets();
+        $this->syncDatabases();
     }
 
     public function deletionRules(): array
@@ -83,11 +96,13 @@ public function uninstall(): void
     /**
      * @throws SSHError
      */
-    public function create(string $name): void
+    public function create(string $name, string $charset, string $collation): void
     {
         $this->service->server->ssh()->exec(
             view($this->getScriptView('create'), [
                 'name' => $name,
+                'charset' => $charset,
+                'collation' => $collation,
             ]),
             'create-database'
         );
@@ -219,4 +234,124 @@ public function restoreBackup(BackupFile $backupFile, string $database): void
             'restore-database'
         );
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws SSHError
+     */
+    public function updateCharsets(): void
+    {
+        $data = $this->service->server->ssh()->exec(
+            view($this->getScriptView('get-charsets')),
+            'get-database-charsets'
+        );
+
+        $charsets = $this->tableToArray($data);
+
+        $results = [];
+        $charsetCollations = [];
+
+        foreach ($charsets as $key => $charset) {
+            if (empty($charsetCollations[$charset[1]])) {
+                $charsetCollations[$charset[1]] = [];
+            }
+
+            $charsetCollations[$charset[1]][] = $charset[0];
+
+            if ($charset[3] === 'Yes') {
+                $results[$charset[1]] = [
+                    'default' => $charset[0],
+                    'list' => [],
+                ];
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($key == count($charsets) - 1) {
+                $results[$charset[1]] = [
+                    'default' => null,
+                    'list' => [],
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($results as $charset => $data) {
+            $results[$charset]['list'] = $charsetCollations[$charset];
+        }
+
+        ksort($results);
+
+        $data = array_merge(
+            $this->service->type_data ?? [],
+            ['charsets' => $results, 'defaultCharset' => $this->defaultCharset]
+        );
+
+        $this->service->update(['type_data' => $data]);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws SSHError
+     */
+    public function syncDatabases(bool $createNew = true): void
+    {
+        $data = $this->service->server->ssh()->exec(
+            view($this->getScriptView('get-db-list')),
+            'get-db-list'
+        );
+
+        $databases = $this->tableToArray($data);
+
+        foreach ($databases as $database) {
+            if (in_array($database[0], $this->systemDbs)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $db = $this->service->server->databases()
+                ->where('name', $database[0])
+                ->first();
+
+            if ($db === null) {
+                if ($createNew) {
+                    $this->service->server->databases()->create([
+                        'name' => $database[0],
+                        'collation' => $database[2],
+                        'charset' => $database[1],
+                    ]);
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($db->collation !== $database[2] || $db->charset !== $database[1]) {
+                $db->update([
+                    'collation' => $database[2],
+                    'charset' => $database[1],
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function tableToArray(string $data, bool $keepHeader = false): array
+    {
+        $lines = explode("\n", trim($data));
+
+        if (! $keepHeader) {
+            for ($i = 0; $i < $this->headerLines; $i++) {
+                array_shift($lines);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->removeLastRow) {
+            array_pop($lines);
+        }
+
+        $rows = [];
+        foreach ($lines as $line) {
+            $row = explode($this->separator, $line);
+            $row = array_map('trim', $row);
+            $rows[] = $row;
+        }
+
+        return $rows;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Database.php b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Database.php
index a5ab82c..5026509 100755
--- a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Database.php
+++ b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Database.php
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 interface Database
 {
-    public function create(string $name): void;
+    public function create(string $name, string $charset, string $collation): void;
 
     public function delete(string $name): void;
 
@@ -21,4 +21,8 @@ public function unlink(string $username, string $host): void;
     public function runBackup(BackupFile $backupFile): void;
 
     public function restoreBackup(BackupFile $backupFile, string $database): void;
+
+    public function updateCharsets(): void;
+
+    public function syncDatabases(bool $createNew = true): void;
 }
diff --git a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mariadb.php b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mariadb.php
index df1e33e..f007341 100644
--- a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mariadb.php
+++ b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mariadb.php
@@ -4,5 +4,7 @@
 
 class Mariadb extends AbstractDatabase
 {
-    //
+    protected array $systemDbs = ['information_schema', 'performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys'];
+
+    protected string $defaultCharset = 'utf8mb3';
 }
diff --git a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mysql.php b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mysql.php
index 21a685e..34e7add 100755
--- a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mysql.php
+++ b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Mysql.php
@@ -4,5 +4,7 @@
 
 class Mysql extends AbstractDatabase
 {
-    //
+    protected array $systemDbs = ['information_schema', 'performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys'];
+
+    protected string $defaultCharset = 'utf8mb3';
 }
diff --git a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Postgresql.php b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Postgresql.php
index 6388b41..71f1f32 100644
--- a/app/SSH/Services/Database/Postgresql.php
+++ b/app/SSH/Services/Database/Postgresql.php
@@ -4,5 +4,13 @@
 
 class Postgresql extends AbstractDatabase
 {
-    //
+    protected array $systemDbs = ['template0', 'template1', 'postgres'];
+
+    protected string $defaultCharset = 'UTF8';
+
+    protected int $headerLines = 2;
+
+    protected string $separator = '|';
+
+    protected bool $removeLastRow = true;
 }
diff --git a/app/SiteTypes/Wordpress.php b/app/SiteTypes/Wordpress.php
index 3145766..cf6f545 100755
--- a/app/SiteTypes/Wordpress.php
+++ b/app/SiteTypes/Wordpress.php
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ public function data(array $input): array
             'email' => $input['email'],
             'password' => $input['password'],
             'database' => $input['database'],
+            'database_charset' => $input['charset'],
+            'database_collation' => $input['collation'],
             'database_user' => $input['database_user'],
             'database_password' => $input['database_password'],
         ];
@@ -96,20 +98,28 @@ public function install(): void
         $webserver = $this->site->server->webserver()->handler();
         $webserver->createVHost($this->site);
         $this->progress(30);
+
         /** @var Database $database */
         $database = app(CreateDatabase::class)->create($this->site->server, [
             'name' => $this->site->type_data['database'],
+            'charset' => $this->site->type_data['database_charset'],
+            'collation' => $this->site->type_data['database_collation'],
         ]);
+
         /** @var DatabaseUser $databaseUser */
         $databaseUser = app(CreateDatabaseUser::class)->create($this->site->server, [
             'username' => $this->site->type_data['database_user'],
             'password' => $this->site->type_data['database_password'],
+            'collation' => $this->site->type_data['database_collation'],
+            'charset' => $this->site->type_data['database_charset'],
             'remote' => false,
             'host' => 'localhost',
         ], [$database->name]);
+
         app(LinkUser::class)->link($databaseUser, [
             'databases' => [$database->name],
         ]);
+
         $this->site->php()?->restart();
         $this->progress(60);
         app(\App\SSH\Wordpress\Wordpress::class)->install($this->site);
diff --git a/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Index.php b/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Index.php
index 1734a9f..bf55a59 100644
--- a/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Index.php
+++ b/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Index.php
@@ -4,11 +4,15 @@
 
 use App\Actions\Database\CreateDatabase;
 use App\Models\Database;
+use App\Models\Server;
 use App\Web\Contracts\HasSecondSubNav;
 use App\Web\Pages\Servers\Page;
 use Filament\Actions\Action;
 use Filament\Forms\Components\Checkbox;
+use Filament\Forms\Components\Select;
 use Filament\Forms\Components\TextInput;
+use Filament\Forms\Get;
+use Filament\Forms\Set;
 use Filament\Notifications\Notification;
 use Filament\Support\Enums\MaxWidth;
 
@@ -25,6 +29,59 @@ public function mount(): void
         $this->authorize('viewAny', [Database::class, $this->server]);
     }
 
+    public static function getCharsetInput(Server $server): Select
+    {
+        return Select::make('charset')
+            ->label('Charset / Encoding')
+            ->native(false)
+            ->live()
+            ->default(function () use ($server) {
+                $service = $server->defaultService('database');
+
+                return $service->type_data['defaultCharset'] ?? null;
+            })
+            ->options(function () use ($server) {
+                $service = $server->defaultService('database');
+                $charsets = $service->type_data['charsets'] ?? [];
+
+                return array_combine(
+                    array_keys($charsets),
+                    array_keys($charsets)
+                );
+            })
+            ->afterStateUpdated(function (Get $get, Set $set, $state) use ($server) {
+                $service = $server->defaultService('database');
+                $charsets = $service->type_data['charsets'] ?? [];
+                $set('collation', $charsets[$state]['default'] ?? null);
+            })
+            ->rules(fn (callable $get) => CreateDatabase::rules($server, $get())['charset']);
+    }
+
+    public static function getCollationInput(Server $server): Select
+    {
+        return Select::make('collation')
+            ->label('Collation')
+            ->native(false)
+            ->live()
+            ->default(function (Get $get) use ($server) {
+                $service = $server->defaultService('database');
+                $charsets = $service->type_data['charsets'] ?? [];
+                $charset = $get('charset') ?? $service->type_data['default'] ?? 'utf8mb4';
+
+                return $charsets[$charset]['default'] ?? null;
+            })
+            ->options(function (Get $get) use ($server) {
+                $service = $server->defaultService('database');
+                $collations = $service->type_data['charsets'][$get('charset')]['list'] ?? [];
+
+                return array_combine(
+                    array_values($collations),
+                    array_values($collations)
+                );
+            })
+            ->rules(fn (callable $get) => CreateDatabase::rules($server, $get())['collation']);
+    }
+
     protected function getHeaderActions(): array
     {
         return [
@@ -36,6 +93,8 @@ protected function getHeaderActions(): array
                 ->form([
                     TextInput::make('name')
                         ->rules(fn (callable $get) => CreateDatabase::rules($this->server, $get())['name']),
+                    self::getCharsetInput($this->server),
+                    self::getCollationInput($this->server),
                     Checkbox::make('user')
                         ->label('Create User')
                         ->default(false)
diff --git a/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Widgets/DatabasesList.php b/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Widgets/DatabasesList.php
index 82b73df..e89deb8 100644
--- a/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Widgets/DatabasesList.php
+++ b/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Databases/Widgets/DatabasesList.php
@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ protected function getTableColumns(): array
         return [
             TextColumn::make('name')
                 ->searchable(),
+            TextColumn::make('charset')
+                ->label('Charset / Encoding')
+                ->sortable(),
+            TextColumn::make('collation')
+                ->label('Collation')
+                ->sortable(),
             TextColumn::make('status')
                 ->label('Status')
                 ->badge()
diff --git a/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Sites/Index.php b/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Sites/Index.php
index 2a4de06..68f23a2 100644
--- a/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Sites/Index.php
+++ b/app/Web/Pages/Servers/Sites/Index.php
@@ -199,6 +199,8 @@ private function wordpressFields(): Component
                 TextInput::make('database')
                     ->helperText('It will create a database with this name')
                     ->rules(fn (Get $get) => CreateSite::rules($this->server, $get())['database']),
+                \App\Web\Pages\Servers\Databases\Index::getCharsetInput($this->server),
+                \App\Web\Pages\Servers\Databases\Index::getCollationInput($this->server),
                 TextInput::make('database_user')
                     ->helperText('It will create a db user with this username')
                     ->rules(fn (Get $get) => CreateSite::rules($this->server, $get())['database']),
diff --git a/database/migrations/2025_02_15_120213_update_databases_table.php b/database/migrations/2025_02_15_120213_update_databases_table.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1433de9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2025_02_15_120213_update_databases_table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Enums\ServerStatus;
+use App\Models\Server;
+use App\SSH\Services\Database\Database;
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::table('databases', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->string('collation')->nullable();
+            $table->string('charset')->nullable();
+        });
+
+        $servers = Server::query()->where('status', ServerStatus::READY)->get();
+
+        /** @var Server $server */
+        foreach ($servers as $server) {
+            $service = $server->database();
+
+            if (! $service) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            /** @var Database $db */
+            $db = $service->handler();
+
+            $db->syncDatabases(false);
+            $db->updateCharsets();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::table('databases', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->dropColumn('collation');
+            $table->dropColumn('charset');
+        });
+    }
+};
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create-user.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create-user.blade.php
index e186365..1ee1996 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create-user.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create-user.blade.php
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-if ! sudo mysql -e "CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}' IDENTIFIED BY '{{ $password }}'"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}' IDENTIFIED BY '{{ $password }}'"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
-if ! sudo mysql -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create.blade.php
index 14c43f2..51dc05b 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/create.blade.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-if ! sudo mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS {{ $name }} CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS {{ $name }} CHARACTER SET '{{ $charset }}' COLLATE '{{ $collation }}'"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete-user.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete-user.blade.php
index 59c3d52..bd21139 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete-user.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete-user.blade.php
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-if ! sudo mysql -e "DROP USER IF EXISTS '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}'"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "DROP USER IF EXISTS '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}'"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
-if ! sudo mysql -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete.blade.php
index 0130f47..406fad5 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/delete.blade.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-if ! sudo mysql -e "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS {{ $name }}"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS {{ $name }}"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-charsets.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-charsets.blade.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..772b780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-charsets.blade.php
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "SHOW COLLATION;";
+then
+    echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-db-list.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-db-list.blade.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6886f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/get-db-list.blade.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "SELECT
+    SCHEMA_NAME AS database_name,
+    DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME AS charset,
+    DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME AS collation
+    FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA;";
+then
+    echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
+fi
+
+
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/link.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/link.blade.php
index ce547f2..8bea57e 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/link.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/link.blade.php
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-if ! sudo mysql -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON {{ $database }}.* TO '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}'"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON {{ $database }}.* TO '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}'"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
-if ! sudo mysql -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/restore.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/restore.blade.php
index c158f58..782749d 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/restore.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/restore.blade.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
-if ! sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive mysql -u root {{ $database }} < {{ $file }}.sql; then
+if ! sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive mariadb -u root {{ $database }} < {{ $file }}.sql; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/uninstall.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/uninstall.blade.php
index e0e51b1..2bb3aad 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/uninstall.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/uninstall.blade.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-sudo service mysql stop
+sudo service mariadb stop
 
 sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get remove mariadb-server mariadb-backup -y
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/unlink.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/unlink.blade.php
index ff2a879..9a7b035 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/unlink.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mariadb/unlink.blade.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-if ! sudo mysql -e "REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}'"; then
+if ! sudo mariadb -e "REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM '{{ $username }}'@'{{ $host }}'"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/create.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/create.blade.php
index 14c43f2..da09ba8 100755
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/create.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/create.blade.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-if ! sudo mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS {{ $name }} CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci"; then
+if ! sudo mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS {{ $name }} CHARACTER SET '{{ $charset }}' COLLATE '{{ $collation }}'"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-charsets.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-charsets.blade.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac9d7ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-charsets.blade.php
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+if ! sudo mysql -e "SHOW COLLATION;"; then
+    echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-db-list.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-db-list.blade.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c831421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/mysql/get-db-list.blade.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+if ! sudo mysql -e "SELECT
+    SCHEMA_NAME AS database_name,
+    DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME AS charset,
+    DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME AS collation
+    FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA;";
+then
+    echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/create.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/create.blade.php
index e5ada6d..2ce80ee 100644
--- a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/create.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/create.blade.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-if ! sudo -u postgres psql -c "CREATE DATABASE \"{{ $name }}\""; then
+if ! sudo -u postgres psql -c "CREATE DATABASE \"{{ $name }}\" WITH ENCODING '{{ $charset }}'"; then
     echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-charsets.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-charsets.blade.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e05ab24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-charsets.blade.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+if ! sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT collname as collation,
+    pg_encoding_to_char(collencoding) as charset,
+    '' as id,
+    '' as \"default\",
+    'Yes' as compiled,
+    '' as sortlen,
+    '' as pad_attribute
+    FROM pg_collation
+    WHERE not pg_encoding_to_char(collencoding) = ''
+    ORDER BY charset;";
+then
+    echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-db-list.blade.php b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-db-list.blade.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4408a30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resources/views/ssh/services/database/postgresql/get-db-list.blade.php
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+if ! sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT
+    datname AS database_name,
+    pg_encoding_to_char(encoding) AS charset,
+    datcollate AS collation
+    FROM pg_database;";
+then
+    echo 'VITO_SSH_ERROR' && exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/tests/Feature/API/DatabaseTest.php b/tests/Feature/API/DatabaseTest.php
index 8fdfee0..e1d1ca3 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/API/DatabaseTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/API/DatabaseTest.php
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ public function test_create_database(): void
             'server' => $this->server,
         ]), [
             'name' => 'database',
+            'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
+            'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
         ])
             ->assertSuccessful()
             ->assertJsonFragment([
diff --git a/tests/Feature/DatabaseTest.php b/tests/Feature/DatabaseTest.php
index 3df6351..43f35f6 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/DatabaseTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/DatabaseTest.php
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ public function test_create_database(): void
         ])
             ->callAction('create', [
                 'name' => 'database',
+                'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
+                'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
             ])
             ->assertSuccessful();
 
@@ -47,6 +49,8 @@ public function test_create_database_with_user(): void
         ])
             ->callAction('create', [
                 'name' => 'database',
+                'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
+                'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
                 'user' => true,
                 'username' => 'user',
                 'password' => 'password',
diff --git a/tests/Feature/SitesTest.php b/tests/Feature/SitesTest.php
index 0363326..6431cef 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/SitesTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/SitesTest.php
@@ -361,6 +361,8 @@ public static function create_data(): array
                     'email' => 'email@example.com',
                     'password' => 'password',
                     'database' => 'example',
+                    'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
+                    'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
                     'database_user' => 'example',
                     'database_password' => 'password',
                 ],
@@ -376,6 +378,8 @@ public static function create_data(): array
                     'email' => 'email@example.com',
                     'password' => 'password',
                     'database' => 'example',
+                    'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
+                    'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
                     'database_user' => 'example',
                     'database_password' => 'password',
                     'user' => 'example',
diff --git a/tests/TestCase.php b/tests/TestCase.php
index 4cf8549..bb6b8db 100644
--- a/tests/TestCase.php
+++ b/tests/TestCase.php
@@ -87,6 +87,11 @@ private function setupServer(): void
         $this->server->services()->update([
             'status' => ServiceStatus::READY,
         ]);
+
+        $this->server->database()?->update(['type_data' => [
+            'charsets' => ['utf8mb3' => ['default' => 'utf8mb3_general_ci', 'list' => ['utf8mb3_general_ci']]],
+            'defaultCharset' => 'utf8mb3',
+        ]]);
     }
 
     private function setupSite(): void
diff --git a/tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/SyncDatabasesTest.php b/tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/SyncDatabasesTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50d4a58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/SyncDatabasesTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit\SSH\Services\Database;
+
+use App\Facades\SSH;
+use App\SSH\Services\Database\Database;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+class SyncDatabasesTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /**
+     * @dataProvider data
+     */
+    public function test_sync_databases(string $name, string $version, string $output): void
+    {
+        $database = $this->server->database();
+        $database->name = $name;
+        $database->version = $version;
+        $database->save();
+
+        SSH::fake($output);
+
+        /** @var Database $databaseHandler */
+        $databaseHandler = $database->handler();
+        $databaseHandler->syncDatabases();
+
+        $this->assertDatabaseHas('databases', [
+            'server_id' => $this->server->id,
+            'name' => 'vito',
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @TODO Add more test cases
+     *
+     * @return array[]
+     */
+    public static function data(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            [
+                'mysql',
+                '8.0',
+                <<<'EOD'
+                database_name	charset	collation
+                mysql	utf8mb4	utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
+                information_schema	utf8mb3	utf8mb3_general_ci
+                performance_schema	utf8mb4	utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
+                sys	utf8mb4	utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
+                vito	utf8mb3	utf8mb3_general_ci
+                EOD
+            ],
+            [
+                'mysql',
+                '5.7',
+                <<<'EOD'
+                database_name	charset	collation
+                mysql	utf8mb4	utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
+                information_schema	utf8mb3	utf8mb3_general_ci
+                performance_schema	utf8mb4	utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
+                sys	utf8mb4	utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
+                vito	utf8mb3	utf8mb3_general_ci
+                EOD
+            ],
+            [
+                'postgresql',
+                '16',
+                <<<'EOD'
+                 database_name | charset |  collation
+                ---------------+---------+-------------
+                 postgres      | UTF8    | en_US.UTF-8
+                 template1     | UTF8    | en_US.UTF-8
+                 template0     | UTF8    | en_US.UTF-8
+                 vito          | UTF8    | en_US.UTF-8
+                (3 rows)
+                EOD
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/UpdateCharsetsTest.php b/tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/UpdateCharsetsTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..676bf67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/SSH/Services/Database/UpdateCharsetsTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit\SSH\Services\Database;
+
+use App\Facades\SSH;
+use App\SSH\Services\Database\Database;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+class UpdateCharsetsTest extends TestCase
+{
+    protected static array $mysqlCharsets = [
+        'armscii8' => [
+            'default' => 'armscii8_general_ci',
+            'list' => [
+                'armscii8_bin',
+                'armscii8_general_ci',
+            ],
+        ],
+        'ascii' => [
+            'default' => 'ascii_general_ci',
+            'list' => [
+                'ascii_bin',
+                'ascii_general_ci',
+            ],
+        ],
+        'big5' => [
+            'default' => 'big5_chinese_ci',
+            'list' => [
+                'big5_bin',
+                'big5_chinese_ci',
+            ],
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @dataProvider data
+     */
+    public function test_update_charsets(string $name, string $version, string $output, array $expected): void
+    {
+        $database = $this->server->database();
+        $database->name = $name;
+        $database->version = $version;
+        $database->save();
+
+        SSH::fake($output);
+
+        /** @var Database $databaseHandler */
+        $databaseHandler = $database->handler();
+        $databaseHandler->updateCharsets();
+
+        $database->refresh();
+        $this->assertEquals($expected, $database->type_data['charsets']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @TODO Add more test cases
+     *
+     * @return array[]
+     */
+    public static function data(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            [
+                'mysql',
+                '8.0',
+                <<<'EOD'
+                Collation	Charset	Id	Default	Compiled	Sortlen	Pad_attribute
+                armscii8_bin	armscii8	64		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                armscii8_general_ci	armscii8	32	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                ascii_bin	ascii	65		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                ascii_general_ci	ascii	11	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                big5_bin	big5	84		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                big5_chinese_ci	big5	1	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                EOD,
+                static::$mysqlCharsets,
+            ],
+            [
+                'mysql',
+                '5.7',
+                <<<'EOD'
+                Collation	Charset	Id	Default	Compiled	Sortlen	Pad_attribute
+                armscii8_bin	armscii8	64		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                armscii8_general_ci	armscii8	32	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                ascii_bin	ascii	65		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                ascii_general_ci	ascii	11	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                big5_bin	big5	84		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                big5_chinese_ci	big5	1	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                EOD,
+                static::$mysqlCharsets,
+            ],
+            [
+                'mariadb',
+                '10.5',
+                <<<'EOD'
+                Collation	Charset	Id	Default	Compiled	Sortlen	Pad_attribute
+                armscii8_bin	armscii8	64		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                armscii8_general_ci	armscii8	32	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                ascii_bin	ascii	65		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                ascii_general_ci	ascii	11	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                big5_bin	big5	84		Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                big5_chinese_ci	big5	1	Yes	Yes	1	PAD SPACE
+                EOD,
+                static::$mysqlCharsets,
+            ],
+            [
+                'postgresql',
+                '16',
+                <<<'EOD'
+                 collation  | charset | id | default | compiled | sortlen | pad_attribute
+                ------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+---------------
+                 ucs_basic  | UTF8    |    |         | Yes      |         |
+                 C.utf8     | UTF8    |    |         | Yes      |         |
+                 en_US.utf8 | UTF8    |    |         | Yes      |         |
+                 en_US      | UTF8    |    |         | Yes      |         |
+                (4 rows)
+                EOD,
+                [
+                    'UTF8' => [
+                        'default' => null,
+                        'list' => [
+                            'ucs_basic',
+                            'C.utf8',
+                            'en_US.utf8',
+                            'en_US',
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+}